300 Level Class
2 hrs Lecture (1 hr professor lecturing, 1 hr discussion), up to 3hrs Lab each week
Assignments & Grading:
10% Leading Discussion for Articles
25% Participation, Attendance and Reading Responses submitted on blackboard/blog
25% Mid-term Paper on a specific site, reporting the remains and analysis of the artifacts found there (5-7 pages)
30% Final Paper examining regional, cultural themes/trade networks from chosen site’s culture of origin (7-10 pages)
10% Small metal replica (or approved experimentation of a relevant process) of object from culture discussed in papers and Journal documenting the process of its production
(5% of which to be awarded upon completion of design)
WEEK 1
Lecture: Introduction
Lab: Visit the College Collections to view the metal artifacts
Reading:
Pare, C. F. E., Ed. (2000). Metals Make the World go Round: the Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe: Proceedings of a Conference held at the University of Birmingham in June 1997. New York, Oxbow.
Exhibition Article
WEEK 2
Lecture: Mining and Ancient Ore Deposits, Etc.
Lab: Geology Guest Speaker Mineral/Ore ID lab (worksheet)
Reading:
de Jesus, Prentiss S. 1980. The Development of Prehistoric Mining and Metallurgy in Anatolia. Oxford: B.A.R. (Section on ancient ores and mining procedures)
Shepherd, Robert 1993. Ancient Mining. New York: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy by Elsevier Applied Science. (Read first half, on technology and method, as well as one case study from the second half)
WEEK 3
Lecture: Processing and Smelting
Lab: Chemistry Department Smelting Guest Speaker
Reading:
Muhly, James D. “Sources of Tin and the Beginnings of Bronze Metallurgy” American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 89, No. 2 April 1985 pp. 275-291
Tylecote, R. F. (1992) A History of Metallurgy. London, Institute of Materials. (pp. 1-2, 7-11, 18-25, 35-37)
Coghlan, H. H. (1975) Notes on the Prehistoric Metallurgy of Copper and Bronze in the Old World. 2nd ed Oxford: The Museum (pp. 27-36)
Review:
Pare, Christopher “Bronze and the Bronze Age” in C. Pare ed., Metals Make the World Go Round pp. 1-38 and pp. 151-59, Oxford: Oxbow 2003.
Further Reading:
Craddock, P. T. Early Metal Mining and Production. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995, chs. 4-5, 7.
Eaton, E.R. and Hugh McKerrel. “Near Eastern Alloying and Some Textual Evidence for the Early Use of Arsenical Copper.” World Archaeology, Vol. 8, No. 2, Climatic Change (Oct., 1976), pp. 169-191
Rehder, J.E. The mastery and uses of fire in antiquity. Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000, pp. 1-38, 101-160 (chs. 1-4, 10-15)
WEEK 4
Lecture: Casting in Antiquity
Lab: Canceled to make up for field trip to Mine on Saturday
Reading:
Tylecote, R. F. (1992) A History of Metallurgy. London, Institute of Materials. (pp. 37-42)
Coghlan, H. H. (1975) Notes on the Prehistoric Metallurgy of Copper and Bronze in the Old World. 2nd ed Oxford: The Museum (pp. 50-74, 136-139)
Further Reading:
Coghlan, H. H. (1975) Notes on the Prehistoric Metallurgy of Copper and Bronze in the Old World. 2nd ed Oxford: The Museum (pp. 90-121)
WEEK 5
Lecture: Interpreting Archaeological Remains of Ancient Mining and Production Sites
Lab: Chemistry Department Lead Isotope Analysis Guest Speaker
Reading:
Budd, P., R. Haggerty, A. M. Pollard, B. Scaife, and R. G. Thomas. 1996. “Rethinking the Quest for Provenance.” Antiquity 70: 168-174.
Muhly, J. D. 1985b. “Lead Isotope Analysis and the Problem of Lead in Copper.” Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus 1985: 78-82.
Muhly, J. D. 1995. “Lead Isotope Analysis and the Archaeologist.” Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology. Vol. 8, No. 1. pp.54-58.
Pernicka, E. 1995. “Crisis or Catharsis in Lead Isotope Analysis?” Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology. Vol. 8, No. 1. pp.59-64.
Pollard, A. M. and C. Heron. 1996. Archaeological Chemistry. Cambridge.
Weeks, R. L. 2003. “Lead Isotope Analysis in Archaeology.” Early Metallurgy of the Persian Gulf. Boston. pp. 129-144.
Review:
Stos-Gale, Sophie. “Trade in metals in the Bronze Age Mediterranean: an overview of Lead Isotope data for provenance studies.” in Pare, C. F. E. 2000. Metals make the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe : proceedings of a conference held at the University of Birmingham in June 1997. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 56-64.
WEEK 6
Lecture: Mesopotamia
Lab: Canceled to make up for field trip to Hopewell historical iron foundry on Saturday
Due: Designs for final Project Object
Reading:
Muhly, J.D. 1995. “Mining and Metalwork in Ancient Western Asia.” in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East vol. III, edited by J.M. Sasson, 1501-1521
Archi, A. 1993. “Bronze Alloys in Ebla.” In Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains. Archaeolgica Anatolica et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri Dedicata, edited by M. Frangipane, H. Hauptmann, M. Liverani, P. Matthiae, and M. Mellink, 615-625.
Larsen, M. T. 1987. “Commercial Networks in the Ancient Near East.” In Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, edited by M. Rowlands, M. T. Larsen, and K. Kristiansen, 47-56. Cambridge.
Further Reading:
Potts, D. T. 1995. “Distant Shores: Ancient Near Eastern Trade with South Asia and Northeast Africa.” In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East Volume III, edited by J. M. Sasson, 1451-1463.
Cleuziou, S. and T. Berthoud. 1982. “Early Tin in the Near East: A reassessment in light of new evidence from Western Afghanistan.” Expedition 25:14-19.
Moorey, P.R.S. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Oxford.
WEEK 7
Lecture: Egypt
Lab: First trip to Haverford Foundry– Introduction, Safety, Begin Wax
Reading:
Bachmann, H.G. et al. The Ancient Metallurgy of Copper: Archaeology-experiment-theory Ed. Beno Rothenberg (London: University College London, 1990).
Further Reading:
Scheel, Bernd, Egyptian Metalworking and Tools (UK: Aylesbury 1989).
Rothenburg, Beno. The Egyptian Mining Temple at Timna (London: University College London, 1988).
WEEK 8
Lecture: Anatolia
Lab: Second trip to Haverford Foundry–Wax
Readings:
Gale, N. H., Z. A. Stos-Gale, et. al., “Alloy Types and Copper Sources of Anatolian Copper Alloy Artifacts,” Anatolian Studies, Vol. 35 (1985), pp. 143-173.
Yener, Aslihan K. and Pamela B. Vandiver, “Tin Processing at Göltepe, an Early Bronze Age Site in Anatolia,” American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 97, No. 2 (Apr 1993) pp. 207-238.
Muhly, J. D., “Early Bronze Age Tin and the Taurus,” American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 97, No. 2 (Apr 1993) pp. 239-253.
Yener, Aslihan K., Pamela B. Vandriver et al., “Reply to J. D. Muhly Early Bronze Age Tin and the Taurus,” American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 97, No. 2. (Apr 1993) pp 255-264.
Further Reading:
de Jesus, Prentiss S. 1980. The Development of Prehistoric Mining and Metallurgy in Anatolia. Oxford: B.A.R.
Yener, A. 1996. “A Brief Survey of Anatolian Metallurgy prior to 500 BC,” in S. Demirci, A. M. Özer, and G.D. Summers, eds., Archaeometry 94. Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Ankara, 9-14 May 1994, pp. 375-91, Ankara.
WEEK 9
Lecture: Greece
Lab: Third trip to Haverford Foundry–Finish wax (and begin investments?)
Readings:
Renfrew C., and E. A. Slater. 2003. “Metal Artifacts and Metallurgy”. In Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in Northeast Greece, 1968-1970. Volume 2: The Final Report, edited by E.S. Elster, and C. Renfrew, 301-324. Los Angeles.
McGeehan-Liritzis, V., and N. H. Gale. 1988. “Chemical and Lead Isotope Analyses of Greek Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Metals.” Archaeometry 30(2): 199- 225
Pernicka, E., E. Eibner, O. Öztunalı, and G.A. Wagner 2003. “Early Bronze Age Metallurgy in the North-East Aegean.” In Troia and the Troad: Scientific Approaches, edited by G.A. Wagner, E. Pernicka, and H. P Uerpmann, 143-172. Berlin, Heidelbeg
Further Reading:
Mangou, H, and P. V. Ioannou 1997. “On the chemical composition of prehistoric Greek copper based artefacts from the Aegean region,” BSA 92: 59-72
Mangou, H. and P. V. Ioannou 1998. “On the chemical composition of prehistoric Greek copper based artefacts from Crete,” BSA 93: 91-102
Mangou, H. and P. V. Ioannou 1999. “On the chemical composition of prehistoric Greek copper based artefacts from mainland Greece,” BSA 94: 81-100
WEEK 10
Lecture: Cyprus
Lab: Fourth trip to Haverford Foundry–Investments
Readings:
Webb, J. M., D. Frankel, Z. A. Stos-Gale, and N. Gale. 2006. “Early Bronze Age Metal Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. New Compositional and Lead Isotope Evidence from Cyprus”
Balthazar, J. W. 1990. ‘Copper and Bronze Working in Early through Middle Bronze Age Cyprus’ and Swiny, S. 2003. “The Metal.” In Sotira Kaminoudhia. An Early Bronze Age Site in Cyprus.
CASTING BETWEEN WEEK 10 and WEEK 11
WEEK 11
Lecture: Syria, Palestine, Arabia
Lab: Fifth trip to Haverford Foundry–Open Investments and Clean off Bronzes
Reading:
Weeks, Lloyd R. Early metallurgy of the Persian Gulf: technology, trade, and the Bronze Age World. Boston : Brill, 2003
Philip, G., P. W. Clogg, and D. Dungworth. 2003. “Copper Metallurgy in the Jordan Valley from the Third to the First Millennia BC: Chemical, Metallographic and Lead Isotope Analyses of Artifacts from Pella.” Levant 35: 71-100.
Raban, A., and E. Galili. 1985. “Recent Maritime Archaeological Research in Israel-A Preliminary Report.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 14: 321-356.
Shalev, S., and J. P. Northover, 1993. “The Metallurgy of the Nahal Mishmar Hoard Reconsidered.” Archaeometry 34: 35-47.
Further Reading:
Hauptmann, A., G. Weisgerber, and H. G. Bachmann. 1988. “Early Copper Metallurgy in Oman.” In The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys, edited by R. Maddin, 34-51. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Potts, D. T. 1993b. “Rethinking Some Aspects of Trade in the Arabian Gulf.” World Archaeology 24/3: 423-438.
Prange, M. K., H. J. Gotze, A. Hauptmann, and G. Weisgerber. 1999. “Is Oman the Ancient Magan? Analytical Studies of Copper from Oman.” In Metals in Antiquity, edited by S. M. M. Young, A. M. Pollard, P. Budd, and R. A. Ixer, 187-192. Oxford.
WEEK 12
Lecture: Trade & Shipwrecks
Lab: Sixth trip to Haverford Foundry–Finish Cleaning off Bronzes, Filing, etc.
Reading:
Bass, G. F. “The Ingots” in Bass, G. F. 1967. “Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 57. Philadelphia. pp. 52-83.
Bass, G. F. “The Bronzes” in Bass, G. F. 1967. “Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 57. Philadelphia. pp. 84-121.
Bass, G. F. 1991. “Evidence of Trade from Bronze Age Shipwrecks.” in Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean, edited by N.H. Gale. Oxford. pp.69-82.
Muhly, J. D., T. S. Wheeler and R. Maddin. 1977. “The Cape Gelidonya Shipwreck and the Bronze Age Metals Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean.” Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 4, No. 3. pp. 353-362.
Pulak, C. “The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology Vol. 27 (1998 ) pp. 188-224.
Sherratt, Susan. “Circulation of metals and the end of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean.” In Pare, C. F. E. (2000). Metals make the world go round: the supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe : proceedings of a conference held at the University of Birmingham in June (Oxford: Oxbow). pp.82-95.
WEEK 13
Lecture: The Transition to Iron
Lab: Final trip to Haverford Foundry–Finishing Touches and Treatments
Due: Final Paper and Object
Reading:
Snodgrass, A.M. 1980. Iron and Early Metallurgy in the Mediterranean. Wertime, T., and J.D. Muhly, eds., The Coming of the Age of Iron. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. p. 335-374.
Ünsal Yalçın “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia,” Anatolian Studies, Vol. 49, Anatolian Iron Ages 4. Proceedings of the Fourth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Mersin, 19-23 May 1997 (1999), pp. 177-187
Waldbaum, J. 1999. “The coming of iron in the eastern Mediterranean,” in V. Pigott, ed. The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, 16pp. 25-57. Philadelphia: University Museum.
Further Reading:
Stech-Wheeler, T., J.D. Muhly, K.R. Maxwell-Hyslop and R. Maddin. 1981. Iron at Taanach and Early Iron Metallurgy in the Eastern Mediterranean. AJA 85:3. p. 245-268.
